In Buddhism, karma refers to intentional or volitional actions—mental, verbal, or physical—that create causes for future experiences. The Sanskrit term karma (Pali: kamma) translates to action. The results or consequences of these actions are called the fruits of karma, or vipaka. Thus, karma is the cause, and vipaka is the effect. This whole process is known as karma-vipaka, the principle of cause and effect central to Buddhist ethics and worldview.

In general, positive actions lead to beneficial outcomes, while actions driven by the three poisons—hate, attachment, anger, and ignorance—result in harmful consequences. However, Buddhist practice goes beyond simply generating good karma. Its ultimate aim is to break free from the cycle of action and consequence that binds us to the cycle of suffering—birth, death, and rebirth—known as samsara.

Intention plays a crucial role in understanding karma, it is the driving force behind it. The Buddha stated, “Intention, I tell you, is kamma. After having intended something, one creates action through body, speech, and mind.” (Anguttara Nikaya 6.63) Our intentions shape our thoughts, which in turn shape our words and our actions. Karma is one of the most complex teachings, but having a general understanding of the four characteristics of karma, and how to purify them by using the four opponent powers, can be very helpful.

Actions have consequences. Positive actions have beneficial effects, and harmful actions have negative effects. The Buddha taught that intention is a crucial factor in determining how our thoughts, words, and deeds shape our experiences.

Reflect on how our actions, even small ones, have consequences. Consider the intentions behind each action and how they also shape the outcomes of those actions. Think of a time when you acted out of anger, for example, and how those actions had consequences not only for others but also for yourself, and how those actions might have shaped your own perception or experience of a situation.

• How does it feel when we engage in wholesome actions?
• What effect do those actions have on ourselves and others?
• How does it feel when we engage in negative actions?
• What effect do those actions have on ourselves and others?

Analyze the concept of karma, differentiating between intentional actions and their outcomes, and evaluate how personal choices, including intentions, words, and actions, create effects for oneself and others.