In ancient India, women had very few freedoms; they were not allowed to pursue an education and were regarded as less important than men.

Mahaprajapati Gautami was the Buddha’s aunt and foster mother, who raised Siddhartha when his mother died shortly after giving birth. Multiple times, she requested ordination for women, and after several refusals, the Buddha eventually granted her request, with some conditions.

Many cultures where Buddhism flourished were patriarchal, valuing men more than women. This is one reason why there are far fewer women practitioners and teachers whose names have been recorded in history. Nevertheless, numerous exceptions to this trend exist, and by studying the biographies of these women, we can gain insight into their inspiring examples.

Buddhist teachings assert that all beings possess the capacity to realize the truth and have buddha nature. From this perspective, Buddhist teachings generally regard women as equal to men, both in their responsibilities and privileges, as well as in their ability to practice and achieve enlightenment.

According to the Buddha’s teachings, people of all genders are equally capable of practicing dharma and realizing the truth. In the patriarchal culture of the Indian subcontinent, women in Buddhism enjoyed more freedom and respect because of this, while the progressive inclusion of women was a gradual, step-by-step process.

Reflect on how dismantling hierarchical and harmful dynamics between social groups is a gradual process that unfolds over time.

• Which stories of women in Buddhism inspire you personally and why?

Analyze the Buddha’s teachings on gender equality, and evaluate the historical challenges women have faced in Buddhist traditions despite these teachings.