The sixth paramita is prajñaparamita, the perfection of wisdom. Prajña (Sanskrit) or panna (Pali) is frequently translated as “wisdom.” However, a more accurate interpretation would be insight, non-discriminating knowledge, or intuitive apprehension. Prajñaparamita is considered to be the foundation or source of the other paramitas. It refers to transcendent wisdom that leads to Buddhahood. Prajñaparamita is traditionally subdivided into four additional aspects, bringing the total to ten paramitas. These four are: skillful means, aspiration, power, and primordial wisdom.

The perfection of wisdom is the realization of emptiness, the ultimate nature of all things. Sunyata, or emptiness, is the teaching that all phenomena lack self-essence or independent existence. Everything we see and hear is interconnected; each moment is a gentle expression of one continuous, ever-evolving landscape. Everything exists in a constant state of arising and passing away, eternally “becoming” and never truly “being.” Ultimately, sunyata is something that is realized directly through practice, but until then, a conceptual understanding is helpful. Fully understanding emptiness requires time and consistent practice of both shamatha and vipassana. This wisdom cannot be grasped through intellect alone, we realize it through the practice of the other perfections: generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, and meditation.

The paramitas are connected, while wisdom is the foundation for, and is also supported by, the others. Transcendent wisdom leads to the realization of buddhahood.

Contemplate how discriminating wisdom is necessary to practice the other paramitas.

• What do you understand emptiness to mean?
• How might we apply that understanding to our daily lives?
• How does prajna help us let go of selfishness and self-centeredness?

Analyze how discriminating wisdom (prajna) reveals they way all things have no independent existence (emptiness); evaluate how wisdom serves as both the foundation and culmination of the other paramitas; and demonstrate understanding by examining how conceptual study and reflection can lead to direct insight through contemplative practice.