The Buddha taught dependent origination to explain how nothing exists independently; instead, everything relies on numerous other factors.

It’s helpful to remember that each of our unique perspectives is a relative, limited, and subjective view. We don’t see things exactly as they are, but rather as they appear to us. Others also perceive their own version of phenomena or reality.

A method for zooming out and seeing a more complete picture is to consider the situation from different perspectives and practice taking a long-range, bird’s-eye view.

Practicing seeing things from others’ points of view helps us see how limited our own views are; and develops in us a more fluid, interdependent view of phenomena which increases our appreciation of the world. Various contemplative practices support perspective-taking.

Chandrakirti in his Madhyamakavatara explains that perception is subjective, shaped by mental constructs and delusions. He teaches that what we perceive is not objective reality but a projection of the mind, influenced by our attachments and conceptualizations. Recognizing the interdependence of phenomena is crucial to overcoming these misperceptions.

Perspective-taking is essential for mediation and conflict resolution. (See Miscommunication #138.)

Considering multiple perspectives fosters a deeper understanding of the people and situations in our lives, while challenging our inclination to view our own perspective as the only valid one.

Practice expressing a viewpoint they disagree with and creating arguments to support it. Consider the mental flexibility needed for this.

• What does it feel like to consider a situation from multiple perspectives different from your own?
• How does it feel when you are stuck seeing only your own perspective?

Analyze how Buddhist teachings on dependent origination explain the subjective nature of perception; evaluate the limitations of individual perspectives by practicing systematic perspective-taking exercises; and synthesize understanding by applying multiple-viewpoint analysis to complex problems while demonstrating awareness of the relative nature of all viewpoints.