In many different Buddhist traditions, unseen beings, such as local protector deities, nagas, devas, and others, are not considered eternal but are seen as impermanent beings without a fixed or lasting essence. Buddhism is a nontheistic tradition, not teaching that there is an eternal god or gods one must relate with, as theistic traditions do. Still in Buddhist practice, unseen beings may seem to be treated as real, independent beings who exist beyond human perception. To relate with them as truly existing, independent beings is not true to the view of anatta, or no-self, which states that nothing has any truly existing independent essence.

These beings, whether helpful or harmful, are part of a living world that practitioners interact with regularly, while keeping in mind that ultimately they, too, are impermanent. It’s important to recognize the difference between noble beings (Aryas), who have lessened mental afflictions through spiritual realization, and common beings (sentient beings), who are still bound by confusion. The purpose of relating to unseen beings is not to become attached to them, but to connect with and cultivate the positive qualities they represent, such as protection, wisdom, and compassion, on the path toward awakening.

Not everything that exists can be seen. Awareness and imagination can connect us to the unseen world. Stories can be true but not factual.

Identify the unseen beings that are present in their culture or belief systems and how they feel about them. Reflect on how they feel about the stories of unseen beings in Buddhist literature.

• How can you relate with unseen beings?
• What can unseen beings teach you about working with your own mind?

Analyze the role of unseen beings across Buddhist traditions, and differentiate the unique qualities attributed to commonly referenced non-human entities. Evaluate how these symbolic relationships support practitioners’ cultivation of positive qualities such as protection, wisdom, and compassion.