Executive function (EF) is how the mind consciously controls attention, and is closely associated with the prefrontal cortex. Working memory, self-regulation, and cognitive flexibility are all EF skills, which can be trained and developed. Some neuroscientists use the terms hot and cold to refer to whether the amygdala is activated by an emotional response or not. Investigations suggest that executive function skills developed in a calm state (when the amygdala is not activated) can only be accessed when in that same calm state, and skills learned during emotional activation are only available during similar emotional states.

From a Buddhist perspective, the brain and mind are not the same. The brain is physical, while the mind is clear and knowing, existing beyond material form. Buddhist psychology describes mind as awareness itself—the capacity to know, experience, and be present. This awareness can observe brain states without being limited by them. If the mind were merely the brain, awareness would vanish at death; however, Buddhist teachings state that consciousness continues. Additionally, all mental experiences share the characteristic of being subjective, intimate, and personal.

Recognizing both perspectives helps us explore how the brain shapes experience while the mind goes beyond physical explanations. Understanding both can enhance contemplative practice and offer different tools for working with mental challenges.

Knowledge of how the brain functions helps us regulate our behavior and understand the behavior of those around us. Understanding the distinction between brain and mind offers complementary approaches to mental training. One can work with brain states through techniques that regulate the nervous system, and also cultivate awareness through practices that develop the capacity to observe thoughts and emotions without being overwhelmed by them.

Reflect on your experience using mindfulness techniques to change your responses to stimuli. Compare moments when you’ve tried to “think your way out” of strong emotions versus times when you’ve simply observed them with awareness. Notice the difference between being caught in thoughts versus observing thoughts arise and pass away.

• How do the functions of the brain shape our experiences and reactions?
• How does the Buddhist perspective on the mind differ from the belief that consciousness is linked to the brain?
• When you're experiencing strong emotions, what changes—your brain state, your awareness, or both?

Identify key brain structures on diagrams. Analyze their functions, and compare how neuroscience and Buddhist psychology explain mental phenomena. Apply this knowledge to implement both brain-based regulation techniques and awareness-based practices that address challenges effectively.