In the Dhammasangani, the first book of the Abhidhamma Pitaka, the Buddha states that “the four great elements are earth, water, fire, and wind,” and that “all physical matter is a combination of these fundamental qualities.”

Buddhism and science offer complementary views on “elements,” broadly defined as the fundamental constituents of matter. Like many ancient philosophies, Buddhism identifies these four—or sometimes five natural elements (earth, water, fire, air, and occasionally space)—which embody different qualities of phenomena (solidity, fluidity, heat, movement, and emptiness). In contrast, Western science categorizes matter into 118 known elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, iron, copper, and calcium, but it employs the term “element” in a markedly different context. All material phenomena can be examined through both the classical five elements and the modern 118 chemical elements.

When considering any object or being, one can examine how each of the elements is present and how each played a role or provided a necessary condition to be born, to arise, or to come into existence. Whether we reflect on the makeup of inner phenomena (inside the body) or outer phenomena (outside the body), we can directly experience the qualities of the elements through our senses. Some Buddhists view the elements as a key to awakening, and there are mindfulness practices in some traditions that guide the practitioner to work with and experience the elements directly.

Understanding and recognizing the elements as interconnected, constantly changing, and lacking inherent existence helps one realize that these qualities of wisdom pervade everything, everywhere.

The five natural elements are essential building blocks of the phenomenal world: earth, water, air, fire, and space. Through our senses, we can learn to recognize the properties of both outer and inner phenomena that correspond to each.

Develop a keen sensory relationship with the natural world and reflect on how this relationship impacts their view on life.

• Which of the elements can you actively sense within the inner field of physical sensations?
• Which elements can you discern as present in a random object in your environment?
• Which elements are easiest to perceive with each of your five senses?

Compare and contrast the Buddhist elemental system (earth, water, fire, air, space) with modern scientific understanding of matter; analyze how recognizing elemental qualities in phenomena develops sensory awareness; and evaluate how elemental meditation practices support understanding of impermanence and interdependence.