The Buddha taught that there is no truly existing independent self (anatta). This idea is one of the three marks of existence, often referred to as the three characteristics.

Developing a healthy sense of self or identity, with an awareness that it is relative, impermanent, and influenced by family and culture, can help alleviate the tension of believing our own perspectives are superior to others’ views. Maintaining a healthy sense of self is essential, even if it lacks any inherent essence or independent existence.

When we recognize how our identity mirrors those we are close to, we can appreciate the influence of culture on our self-perception. The history and boundaries of any given area shape the identity of the people who live there, but boundaries and identities are always changing. We don’t have to be constrained by our history, boundaries, or self-conceptions. Nationalism and sectarianism reflect a struggle for identity.

While the self might not truly exist, at the same time, a sense of self is necessary to function in the world.

Reflect on their feelings about the place they call home and the people there who influence their values, mindsets, and points of view.

• What do Buddhists mean when they say a person has no self?
• What does the principle of no self mean to you?
• What does the word essence mean to you?
• Which of your values or beliefs might change if you were born in a different place?

Analyze the Buddhist teaching of anatta (no-self) in relation to cultural identity formation; evaluate how understanding the impermanent nature of identity can reduce sectarianism and nationalism while maintaining healthy cultural appreciation; and synthesize understanding by developing approaches to heritage that honor origins without demanding conformity from others.